Origins & Early Life

Nikolay Ivanovich Novikov (Russian: Никола́й Ива́нович Новико́в; 8 May [O.S. 27 April] 1744, Moscow Governorate – 12 August [O.S. 31 July] 1818 Moscow Governorate) was a Russian writer and philanthropist most representative of the Russian Enlightenment. Frequently considered to be the first Russian journalist, he aimed at advancing the cultural and educational level of the Russian public.

Pivotal Works & Achievements

Novikov belonged to the first generation of Russians that benefited from the creation of Moscow University in 1755. He took an active part in the Legislative Assembly of 1767, which sought to produce a new code of laws. Inspired by this kind of freethinking activity, he took over editing the Moscow Gazette and launched satirical journals, including Zhivopisets, patterned after The Tatler and The Spectator. His attacks on the existing social customs prompted jocund retorts from Catherine the Great, who even set her own journal called Vsyakaya vsyachina to comment on Novikov's articles. Together with Johann Georg Schwarz, Ivan Lopukhin, and Semyon Gamaleya he brought martinism and rosicrucianism to Russia.

Enduring Legacy & Impact

By the 1780s, Novikov rose to the highest positions in Russian Freemasonry, which liberally funded...

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