Treaty 9

Quick Facts: Who was Treaty 9?

Subject:

Treaty 9

Known for:

A numbered treaty signed between Anishinaabe and Omushkegowuk Cree with the Canadian Crown.

Verified Source:

2Day Chrono-Wiki & Primary Historical Archives

Origins & Early Life

Treaty No. 9 (also known as The James Bay Treaty) is a numbered treaty first signed in 1905–1906 between Anishinaabe (Algonquin and Ojibwe) and Omushkegowuk Cree communities and the Canadian Crown, which includes both the government of Canada and the government of the province of Ontario. It is commonly known as the "James Bay Treaty," since the eastern edge of the treaty territory is the shore of James Bay in Northern Ontario.

Career & Major Achievements

By the early 1900s, both federal and provincial governments were interested in taking control of lands around the Hudson and James Bay watersheds in northern Ontario, traditionally home to Cree, Oji-Cree, and Ojibwe peoples. After nearly a year of delay from Ontario, in May 1905, both governments began negotiating the terms of the treaty's written document.

Enduring Legacy & Impact

Although ratification of the treaty required the agreement of Indigenous peoples living in the territory, none of the Omushkegowuk and the Anishinaabe communities expected to sign were involved in creating the terms of the written document, nor were the terms permitted to change during the treaty expedition.

Chronological Milestones & Life Events

1. 1905: 1905 Milestone — 9 (also known as The James Bay Treaty) is a numbered treaty first signed in 1905–1906 between Anishinaabe (Algonquin and Ojibwe) and Omushkegowuk Cree communities and the Canadian Crown, which includes both the government of Canada and the government of the province of Ontario.

Notable Quotes by Treaty 9

“The James Bay Treaty is the subject of a 2014 documentary film by Alanis Obomsawin, entitled Trick or Treaty?” (2014)

Historical Fact-Check Quiz: Treaty 9

True or False: “Treaty 9 was negotiated without the full, uncoerced participation of the Omushkegowuk and Anishinaabe communities in drafting the initial terms.”

Answer (TRUE ⭕): The text explicitly states that none of the Omushkegowuk and the Anishinaabe communities expected to sign were involved in creating the terms of the written document.

Contemporary Figures & Related Historical Timelines

• Adolph Menzel — Historical peer (Died in 1905) (1905): Pioneering German Realist master, celebrated for his detailed etchings and genre scenes.
• Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg — Historical peer (Died in 1905) (1905): Grand Duke of Luxembourg, ruling from 1890 until his death in 1905.
• A. J. P. Taylor — Historical peer (Born in 1906) (1906): Influential English historian specializing in 19th and 20th-century European diplomacy.
• Abdus Sattar (president) — Historical peer (Born in 1906) (1906): Bangladeshi statesman who served as President of Bangladesh (1981-1982).

Frequently Asked Questions about Treaty 9