Origins & Early Life

Ma Hualong (simplified Chinese: 马化龙; traditional Chinese: 馬化龍; pinyin: Mǎ Huàlóng; Wade–Giles: Ma Hua-lung) (died March 2, 1871), was the fifth leader (教主, jiaozhu) of the Jahriyya, a Sufi order (menhuan) in northwestern China. From the beginning of the anti-Qing Muslim Rebellion in 1862, and until his surrender and death in 1871, he was one of the main leaders of the rebellion. Ma Hualong became the leader of the Jahriyya ca. 1849, succeeding the menhuan's fourth shaykh, Ma Yide (late 1770s – 1849).

Pivotal Works & Achievements

Although the Jahriyya had been originally created by Ma Mingxin in the central Gansu, by the time of Ma Hualong's succession to the leadership position the order was centered in the northern Ningxia (which in the 19th century was also part of Gansu Province), its headquarters being located in Jinjipu (金积堡), a few kilometers south from today's Wuzhong City. The town of Jinjipu became an important religious and commercial center, and the menhuan's leaders grew wealthy thanks to the order's profitable participation in the caravan trade across Inner Mongolia, between Baotou, Huhhot and Beijing. Since the beginning of the Muslim Rebellion in 1862, Ma Hualong was based at...

Enduring Legacy & Impact

The historical impact and works continue to influence the modern world.

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