Origins & Early Life

Mohammad Ghaffari (Persian: محمد غفاری; 29 September 1848 — 18 August 1940), better known as Kamal-ol-Molk (Persian: کمال‌المُلک, lit. 'Perfection of the Realm'), was an Iranian painter and part of the Ghaffari family in Kashan, Qajar Iran. Mohammad Ghaffari, better known as Kamal-ol-Molk, born in Kashan in 1848, to a family with a strong artistic tradition, tracing their origins back to notable painters during the reign of Nader Shah. Kamal's uncle, Abu'l-Hasan Sani al-Mulk, a celebrated 19th-century painter, was notable for his watercolor portraiture.

Pivotal Works & Achievements

His father, Mirza Bozorg Ghaffari Kashani, was the founder of Iran's painting school and a famous artist as well. His brother, Abu Torab Ghaffari, was also a distinguished painter of his time. Mohammad developed an interest in calligraphy and painting at a young age. In his childhood eagerness, he drew charcoal sketches on the walls of his room. Upon completion of his primary education, Mohammad moved to Tehran.

Enduring Legacy & Impact

He may have studied painting for a time with Mirza Esma'il. To further his studies, he registered at the Dar-ul-Funun, a modern institute of higher learning in Persia, where he studied painting with Mozayyen-od...

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