Hartal

Quick Facts: Who was Hartal?

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Hartal

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A mass protest or general strike action common in Indian languages.

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Origins & Early Life

Hartal (pronounced [ɦəɽ.t̪aːl]) is a term in many Indian languages for a strike action that was first used during the Indian independence movement (also known as the nationalist movement) of the early 20th century. A hartal is a mass protest, often involving a total shutdown of workplaces, offices, shops, and courts of law, and a form of civil disobedience similar to a labour strike. In addition to being a general strike, it involves the voluntary closure of schools and places of business. It is a mode of appealing to the sympathies of a government to reverse an unpopular or unacceptable decision. A hartal is often used for political reasons, for example by an opposition party protesting against a governmental policy or action.

Pivotal Works & Achievements

The term comes from Gujarati (હડતાળ, haḍtāḷ, or હડતાલ, haḍtāl), signifying the closing down of shops and warehouses with the goal of satisfying a demand. Mahatma Gandhi, who hailed from Gujarat, used the term to refer to his pro-independence general strikes, effectively institutionalizing the term. Hartal is step 118 in Gene Sharp's 198 Methods of Nonviolent Action. The contemporary origins of this form of public protest date back to the colonial period of Indian history. Unpopular policies, particular regarding taxation by the colonial authorities and princely states often triggered such localized public protests, as in Benares (present day Varanasi) and Bardoli.

Enduring Legacy & Impact

Hartals are still common in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and in parts of Sri Lanka, where the term is often used to refer specifically to the 1953 Ceylonese Hartal. Hartals in Bangladesh are sometimes held for more than 200 days. Bangladesh's law states that hartals are legal as long as violence is avoided. This law was formulated due to the notable lawsuit Khondker Modarresh Elahi vs. Government of Bangladesh (2001). The word is used to refer to various general strikes in the 1940s, the 1950s, and the 1960s such as the All-Malaya Hartal of 1947 and the 1967 Penang Hartal riot.

Chronological Milestones & Life Events

1. 1947: 1947 Milestone — The word is used to refer to various general strikes in the 1940s, the 1950s, and the 1960s such as the All-Malaya Hartal of 1947 and the 1967 Penang Hartal riot.
2. 1953: 1953 Milestone — Hartals are still common in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and in parts of Sri Lanka, where the term is often used to refer specifically to the 1953 Ceylonese Hartal.

Historical Fact-Check Quiz: Hartal

True or False: “The term 'Hartal' originated from the Gujarati language, meaning a cessation of activity.”

Answer (TRUE ⭕): The term comes directly from Gujarati (હડતાળ), which signifies the closing down of shops and warehouses.

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Frequently Asked Questions about Hartal