Crisis of the Third Century

Quick Facts: Who was Crisis of the Third Century?

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Crisis of the Third Century

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A period of near collapse in the Roman Empire marked by civil wars and invasions.

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2Day Chrono-Wiki & Primary Historical Archives

Origins & Early Life

The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis, was a period in Roman history during which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressure of repeated foreign invasions, civil wars and economic disintegration. At the height of the crisis, the Roman state split into three distinct and competing polities. The period is usually dated between the death of Severus Alexander (235) and accession of Diocletian (284). The crisis resulted in such profound changes that it marks the transition between the historical periods of classical antiquity and late antiquity. The crisis began in 235 with the assassination of Emperor Severus Alexander by his own troops.

Career & Major Achievements

During the following years, the empire saw barbarian invasions and migrations into Roman territory, civil wars, peasant rebellions and political instability, with multiple usurpers competing for power. This led to the debasement of currency and a breakdown in both trade networks and economic productivity, with the Plague of Cyprian contributing to the disorder. Roman armies became more reliant over time on the growing influence of the barbarian mercenaries known as foederati. Roman commanders in the field, although nominally loyal to the state, became increasingly independent of Rome's central authority. During the crisis, there were at least 26 claimants to the title of emperor, mostly prominent Roman generals, who assumed imperial power over all or part of the empire.

Enduring Legacy & Impact

The same number of men became accepted by the Roman Senate as emperor during this period and so became legitimate emperors. By 268, the empire had split into three competing states: the Gallic Empire (including the Roman provinces of Gaul, Britannia and, briefly, Hispania); the Palmyrene Empire (including the eastern provinces of Syria Palaestina and Aegyptus); and, between them, the Italian-centered Roman Empire proper. The reign of Aurelian (270–275) marked a turning point in the crisis period. Aurelian successfully reunited the empire by defeating the two breakaway states, and carried out a series of monetary reforms which helped restore some measure of stability to the Roman economy. The crisis is said to have ended with Diocletian's final victory against Carinus in 285 and his restructuring of the Roman imperial government, economy and military.

Historical Fact-Check Quiz: Crisis of the Third Century

True or False: “The Crisis of the Third Century was solely caused by external barbarian invasions overwhelming Rome's defenses.”

Answer (FALSE ❌): While foreign invasions were a major factor, the crisis was also fueled internally by civil wars, economic disintegration, and political instability.

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