Convention of Peking

Quick Facts: Who was Convention of Peking?

Subject:

Convention of Peking

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A set of three unequal treaties signed by Qing China in 1860 following the Second Opium War.

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2Day Chrono-Wiki & Primary Historical Archives

Origins & Foundation

The Convention of Peking emerged from the tumultuous conclusion of the Second Opium War, forcing the Qing dynasty into a position of profound weakness. The initial background involved the entry of British and French troops into the Forbidden City in Peking on October 18, 1860. This military culmination compelled Prince Gong to negotiate and ultimately sign multiple unequal treaties on behalf of the imperial government. These foundational agreements represented a significant loss of sovereignty for China, setting a precedent for foreign intervention in its internal affairs.

Breakthrough & Iconic Era

The core of the convention involved three distinct treaties signed in rapid succession in 1860. Specifically, the treaties with Great Britain and France were formalized in the Ministry of Rites building on October 24, 1860. Furthermore, a separate treaty was signed with the Russian Empire on November 14, 1860. These pivotal signings were direct results of the decisive defeat suffered by the Chinese forces during the conflict. The terms ratified during this period severely curtailed Chinese autonomy and opened new avenues for foreign trade and influence.

Enduring Legacy & Impact

The lasting impact of the Convention of Peking is widely regarded as a period of national humiliation within modern Chinese history. The agreements fundamentally altered China's relationship with Western and Russian powers, cementing the status of unequal treaties. This historical event serves as a crucial marker in the narrative of Chinese resistance against foreign encroachment. Consequently, the treaty remains a potent symbol of the struggles for national integrity and self-determination for the nation.

Chronological Milestones & Life Events

1. 1860: 1860 Milestone — The initial background involved the entry of British and French troops into the Forbidden City in Peking on October 18, 1860.

Historical Fact-Check Quiz: Convention of Peking

True or False: “True or False: The Convention of Peking was signed after Qing China had achieved a decisive military victory over Great Britain and France.”

Answer (FALSE ❌): The convention was signed at the culmination of the Second Opium War, following the decisive defeat of the Chinese forces by Anglo-French troops.

Contemporary Figures & Related Historical Timelines

• Aleksey Khomyakov — Historical peer (Died in 1860) (1860): Founding theoretician of the Slavophile movement in Russian philosophy.
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Frequently Asked Questions about Convention of Peking