Chivalry

Quick Facts: Who was Chivalry?

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Chivalry

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A complex, evolving code of conduct emphasizing martial prowess, piety, and courtly virtue.

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2Day Chrono-Wiki & Primary Historical Archives

Origins & Early Life

Chivalry, or the chivalric language, is an informal and varying code of conduct that developed in France between 1170 and 1220. It is associated with the medieval Christian institution of knighthood, with knights being members of various chivalric orders, and with knights' and gentlemen's behaviours which were governed by chivalrous social codes. The ideals of chivalry were popularized in medieval literature, particularly the literary cycles known as the Matter of France, relating to the legendary companions of Charlemagne and his men-at-arms, the paladins, and the Matter of Britain, informed by Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, written in the 1130s, which popularized the legend of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table. The code of chivalry that developed in medieval Europe had its roots in earlier centuries. It arose in the Carolingian Empire from the idealisation of the cavalryman—involving military bravery, individual training, and service to others—especially in Francia, among horse soldiers in Charlemagne's cavalry.

Career & Major Achievements

Over time, the meaning of chivalry in Europe has been refined to emphasize more general social and moral virtues. The code of chivalry, as it stood by the Late Middle Ages, was a moral system which combined a warrior ethos, knightly piety, and courtly manners, all combining to establish a notion of honour and nobility. The term "chivalry" derives from the Old French term chevalerie, which can be translated as "horse soldiery". Originally, the term referred only to horse-mounted men, from the French word for horse, cheval, but later it became associated with knightly ideals. The French word chevalier originally meant "a man of aristocratic standing, and probably of noble ancestry, who is capable, if called upon, of equipping himself with a war horse and the arms of heavy cavalryman and who has been through certain rituals that make him what he is." Therefore, during the Middle Ages, the collective term chevalerie (transformed in English into the word "chivalry") originally denoted the body of heavy cavalry upon formation in the field.

Enduring Legacy & Impact

In English, the term appears from 1292 (note that cavalry is from the Italian form of the same word). The meaning of the term evolved over time into a broader sense, because in the Middle Ages the meaning of chevalier changed from the original concrete military meaning "status or fee associated with a military follower owning a war horse" or "a group of mounted knights" to the ideal of the Christian warrior ethos propagated in the romance genre, which was becoming popular during the 12th century, and the ideal of courtly love propagated in the contemporary Minnesang and related genres. The ideas of chivalry are summarized in three medieval works: the anonymous poem Ordene de chevalerie, which tells the story of how Hugh II of Tiberias was captured and released upon his agreement to show Saladin (1138–1193) the ritual of Christian knighthood; the Libre del ordre de cavayleria, written by Ramon Llull (1232–1315), from Mallorca, whose subject is knighthood; and the Livre de Chevalerie of Geoffroi de Charny (1300–1356), which examines the qualities of knighthood, emphasizing prowess. None of the authors of these three texts knew the other two texts, and the three combine to depict a general concept of chivalry which is not precisely in harmony with any of them. To different degrees and with different details, they speak of chivalry as a way of life in which the military, the nobility, and religion combine.

Chronological Milestones & Life Events

1. 1138: 1138 Milestone — The ideas of chivalry are summarized in three medieval works: the anonymous poem Ordene de chevalerie, which tells the story of how Hugh II of Tiberias was captured and released upon his agreement to show Saladin (1138–1193) the ritual of Christian knighthood; the Libre del ordre de cavayleria, written by Ramon Llull (1232–1315), from Mallorca, whose subject is knighthood; and the Livre de Chevalerie of Geoffroi de Charny (1300–1356), which examines the qualities of knighthood, emphasizing prowess.
2. 1170: 1170 Milestone — Chivalry, or the chivalric language, is an informal and varying code of conduct that developed in France between 1170 and 1220.
3. 1292: 1292 Milestone — In English, the term appears from 1292 (note that cavalry is from the Italian form of the same word).

Notable Quotes by Chivalry

“Chivalry, on the contrary, is the ideal world, such as it existed in the imaginations of the romance writers.”

Historical Fact-Check Quiz: Chivalry

True or False: “The concept of chivalry was initially understood solely as a moral code rather than having concrete military origins.”

Answer (FALSE ❌): Initially, the term derived from 'chevalerie,' which concretely denoted the body of heavy cavalry upon formation in the field.

Contemporary Figures & Related Historical Timelines

• Dominic de Guzmán — Historical peer (Born in 1170) (1170): Founder of the Dominican Order, a pivotal figure in medieval religious life.
• Fibonacci — Historical peer (Born in 1170) (1170): Pioneering Italian mathematician who popularized the Hindu-Arabic numeral system in the West.
• Alexander Nevsky — Historical peer (Born in 1220) (1220): A pivotal Grand Prince of Novgorod and defender of Russian Orthodoxy.
• Emperor Go-Saga — Historical peer (Born in 1220) (1220): 88th Emperor of Japan; reigned 1242–1246, known as 'Later Emperor Saga'.
• Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya — Historical peer (Born in 1292) (1292): Influential Hanbali scholar, jurist, and theologian of the Mamluk era.
• Kertanagara — Historical peer (Died in 1292) (1292): Last great ruler of the powerful Singhasari Kingdom of Java.
• Bolesław III Wrymouth — Historical peer (Died in 1138) (1138): Duke of Poland, known as Bolesław III Wrymouth, ruled during a period of intense political struggle.
• Hōjō Tokimasa — Historical peer (Born in 1138) (1138): First Shikken of the Kamakura Shogunate and head of the powerful Hōjō clan.
• Lu Jiuyuan — Historical peer (Died in 1193) (1193): Founding father of the School of the Universal Mind, a major Neo-Confucian philosopher.
• Minamoto no Noriyori — Historical peer (Died in 1193) (1193): Samurai lord of the late Heian/early Kamakura period, key figure in the Genpei War.

Frequently Asked Questions about Chivalry